Culture Jamming

Introduction Culture jamming is one of the marketing tactics that has been used for many years among anti-consumerist groups as one of the most successful tactics in the sphere of marketing. In this respect, Carducci defines culture jamming as an organized effort by social movements to counteract messages portrayed in advertisements (161). These social movements disrupt corporate advertising using myriad of tactics such as exposing political utterances on commercial culture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Culture Jamming specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, culture jammers may also change the original configuration of a fashion statement, logo or product images of an advertisement made by a given company in order to challenge what is written in relation to freedom of consumption. It is imperative to note that the main rationale behind this form of culture jamming is reshaping social conformity to certai n types of advertisements (Lambert-Beatty 99). This issue has been carefully examined in media that specifically focuses on the development and transformation of the counterculture which, in its turn, has provoked the expansion of capitalism, has introduced innovation to mainstream culture, and continues to influence the current mainstream culture. Regarding the above, culture jamming can be recognized as one of the most progressive, though not rebellious movements, introduced by anti-consumerist marketing strategies because many corporations, marketers and advertisers have managed to employ the policy of subvertisement while branding their product. Main discussion Development of Culture Jamming Movement: Use of Subvertisement and Its Relation to Capitalism Culture jamming has been practiced for several decades and it is difficult to exactly pinpoint the actual time when it was incepted. The term dates back to 1984 despite the fact that corporate organizations, advertisers and marke ters had been using the tactic for some time (Carducci 161). Over the years culture jamming has been led by various groups from different quotas such as women movements, media theorists and art movements. Culture jammers advocate to be involved when decisions on creating adverts are made. For instance, feminist movements fight against the use of skinny female models and in general, using women in advertising. According to these feminist groups, increased use of women in advertising makes them feel emotionally inadequate especially in sexist advertising. Hence, such groups are capable of airing their opinions against sexist advertising. Similarly, feminist groups have equally been able to raise against a number of magazines and publications that have portrayed sexist adverts in the pretext of attracting more male customers or those that are targeting women who strive to maintain a perfect body as shown in order to attract men.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Le t's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other human rights groups have also used culture jamming to fight exploitation of workers in factories – sweatshops. To affirm this, it is vital to note that our corporate culture is mainly driven by profitability whereby workers are lowly paid and compelled to work extra hours without proper compensation. Interestingly, culture jammers often argue that individuals should be given opportunity to choose the nature of advertisement they are likely to be exposed so that they can make prior choices. They should also be exposed to hundreds of advertisements each day from various companies without corporate advertisers considering their consent. According to culture jammers, corporate advertisers ought to consider the view of the public before exposing them to adverts (â€Å"Pranking Rhetorics†16).They view marketing as socially unacceptable due to the fact that it interferes with public space without the consent of the very public. Jammers look for every opportunity to alter messages that are given in various types of adverts. They have used black marker and computer programs to change the message given in various adverts. They then insert their message which more often than not, expose anti-consumer, anti-corporation, anti-materialism and in general anti-advertising. The main aim of these groups is to recreate and transform commercial culture (Sandlin Milam 323). Subvertisement is a special type of culture jamming that involves production and distribution of anti-adverts with the aim of turning the attention of consumers in a certain direction (â€Å"Subcultures and Countercultures† 287). In subvertising, existing icons or images are altered whereas new images which are satirical may also be put to replace the original one. In this regard, culture jammers promote behaviors that are more humane and an environment that is not dominated by corporate culture. What i s more important, culture jamming movement are also directed against capitalism since they believe that capitalist culture promotes unequal race, class, and gender (Klein 30). This culture ought to be discouraged and resisted at all cost according to culture jammers. Corporate, marketers and advertisers promote inhuman behaviors and corporate culture that is driven by profit motif (Skinner 140). The desire to increase profit has made corporate to go to the wrong extent when they are making their advertisements to the public. As such, exploitation of workers in the industries is also another form of capitalism where corporate would like to reap the maximum benefits from their employees at a lower cost.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Culture Jamming specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Increased competition in the market has forced companies to look for survival tactics in order to withstand pressure from the rival c ompanies. One of this survival strategies is the use of subvert where one company may look for ways to disrupt the adverts of a rival company. The latter is illegal practice where potential customers of a given product are mislead and misinformed on the truth of an advert. As Harold expounds, pranking is one of the strategies used by anti-consumerist movements to reduce rhetoric of MNCs advertising (â€Å"Pranking Rhetorics†189). In this respect, subvertising aims to draw attention of the potential consumers to some information that may not be true about the products advertised by a certain company. The practice aim is to reveal the weakness of the company in order to discourage consumers from buying a given product. At times one company may disrupt the adverts of the rival companies to make sure that consumers do not buy their products. This make the company that is orchestrating subverts to retain its customers who may be tempted to buy products from other companies that ar e offering similar products. This will increase the sales of the company and hence its profitability. Adbusters One of the brightest displays of culture jamming is introduced by The Adbusters magazine that introduced a signature brand of subversive Black Spot Sneaker. This brand was designed to satirize Nike use of sweatshop factories, but, in fact, the introduced campaign has gradually been involved in the mainstream consumerism instead of promoting the culture jamming movement (Heath and Potter 56). According to Heath and Potter, the consumers are looking for social distinction, individuality, and exclusivity while buying the product and, therefore, they have claimed that they pursue the same tendency that the magazine advertises (57). In this respect, the Adbusters are usually seen as supporters of capitalist values. Additionally, the case with Black Spot Sneakers has stirred the debates concerning its nature because the magazine editors admit that consumerist adherents are attac hed to using the same marketing strategies. Indeed, Adbusters fight for mental environmentalism rather just for citizens rights in general. They use the notion of the environmentalist but instead of fighting external environmental pollution, Adbusters fights for internal pollution. They believe that the minds of the public are polluted by the info toxin arising from the information given to the public by the marketers, corporations and advertisers. According to Harold, this can be termed as an ‘unruly corruption’ (â€Å"Pranking Rhetorics† 5). Adbusters argue that increased cases of mental illness maybe attributed to the thousands of adverts that are pumped to the members of the public each day. Information about oil spill of BP Company, increased extinction of animals, crony democracy emergence among others have continued to affect mental health of the public in a bigger way (â€Å"Our Space† 17).Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to them, mass media ought to be used to promote ideas rather than to promote products as it is done today. Good mental ethics should be at the centre stage of each and every advert rather than profit motif as it is evident today in majority of the adverts (â€Å"Identity and Community†195). The Diesel Clothing Company The case with Diesel company provides an example where rhetorical advertising is used to promote fashion. Specifically, the company uses a conundrum to differ with the modern social issues as well as disputing consumerism and fashion trends. As such, being disguised by consumerist logos, the Company has successfully promoted its subversion policy through delivering symbolic messages that can be extracted from standard ideas and advertisements. According to Airing, â€Å"†¦Diesel does not seek to transmit messages of product quality so much as sell ideologies both procultural and countercultural†¦Ã¢â‚¬  because no any other brand evoked fake ideology more fiercely for the marketing purposes than Diesel did (3). In other words, the company’s campaign consists in presenting a double coded message to communicate between two terrains – the cultural jamming and consumerist culture. Bearing a concealed meaning, Diesel treats its customers as intelligent individuals who appreciate simple ideas concealing more thought provoking messages (Arning 3). In addition, such a sophisticated ideology also emphasizes the tight connection between the company’s postmodern brand excellent and cultural policy of late capitalism due to the fact that Diesel is meant to be unique in promoting the main consumerist virtues through symbolic sign and constant repeating â€Å"†¦of social mores and contemporary predictions while reflecting the paradoxes and scruples of the twenty-first century† (Arning 3). In whole, there strategies can be still considered as culturally jammed due to the intentions the company pursues while advertising its products. Although the aim of these movements was to make popular culture less popular, mainstream cultures have gained more ground in the corporate world. According to Heath and Potter, it is not possible for jam culture and all counter-culture movements to have failed (5). Thus, anti-consumerists movements have not succeeded in their effort to transform and recreate commercial culture. This implies that in reality culture jamming is not possible since mainstream cultures have already dominated corporate world and the efforts of anti-consumerist movements cannot transform the society (â€Å"The Consuming Life† 135). Regarding the above, the Diesel clothing company case proves the inevitability of the prevalence of consumerist focus because the main task of the market is to attract more customers to buy products, but not to encourage the subversive messages and promote new forms and messages of consumerist culture. In addition to this, the world is driv en by capitalism forces which consciously or unconsciously determine the culture to be followed (â€Å"Identity And Community† 287). All the efforts in the society are directed towards materialism and those who do not support this course always find themselves in problems. Conclusion In conclusion, the concept of culture jamming can be considered as one of the most successful ones because it a great number of marketing strategies were based on the ideas presented by the adherent of this anti-consumerist movement. Though the phenomenon is not presented as a rebellion act recently, this issue has been carefully examined in media and marketing with particular reference on the development and transformation of subverstisement leading to the expansion of capitalism. In addition, culture jamming has made a significant contribution to mainstream culture through a myriads of innovative tactics introduced to mainstream culture. The brightest examples of such interventions refer to the case with the Adbusters magazine and the Diesel clothing company’s strategies. For instance, Adbuster is a critical example of these movements that mainly focus on changing the message that is presented in the advertising posters. The Diesel clothing company represents an example of how companies can use advertisements oriented on intelligent humans who can extract the messages concealed in simple logos and ideas. However, as many cultural theorists will argue, jamming culture is not possible bearing in mind that the desire by social activists to transform and recreate commercial culture has not materialized. On the contrary, mainstream culture has continued to dominate the society despite the efforts of anti-consumerist groups largely due to the fact that modern society is largely driven by capitalistic ideology. Apparently, this prevalence exists due to the blurred distinctions between the contemporary policies of culture jamming and the constantly changing purposes of con sumerist movement. Works Cited Arning, Chris. â€Å"Kitsch, Irony, And Consumerism: A Semiotic Analysis Of Diesel Advertising 2000–2008.† Semiotica 2009, 174 (2009): 21-48. Print. Carducci, Vince. Culture Jamming: A Sociological Perspective. Journal of Consumer Culture, 6.1, (2006):116-138. Print. Harold, Christine. OurSpace: Resisting the Corporate Control of Culture. Minneapolis: University Of Minnesota, 2007. Print. Harold, Christine. Pranking Rhetoric: Culture Jamming As Media Activism. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 21.3 (2004): 189-211. Print. Heath, Joseph, and Andrew Potter. The Rebel Sell: Why The Culture Can’t Be Jammed. Toronto: Harper Perennial, 2005. Print. Klein, Naomi. Culture jamming: Ads under attack. Brandweek41.28 (2000): 28-38. Print. Lambert-Beatty, Carrie. Fill in the blank: Culture jamming and the advertising of agency. New Directions for Youth Development, 2010.125 (2010): 99-112. Print. O’Brien, Susie and Imre, Szeman. C hapter 5: The Consuming Life. Popular Culture: A User’s Guide. Toronto: Nelson, (2010):135-168. Print. O’Brien, Susie, and Imre Szeman. â€Å"Chapter 7 Identity And Community.† Popular Culture: A User’s Guide. Toronto: Nelson, 2010. Print. O’Brien, Susie, and Imre Szeman. â€Å"Chapter 8 Subcultures And Countercultures.† Popular Culture: A User’s Guide. Toronto: Nelson, 2010. Print. Sandlin, Jennifer, Jennifer Milam. Mixing Pop (Culture) and Politics: Cultural Resistance, Culture Jamming, and Anti-Consumption Activism as Critical Public Pedagogy.† Curriculum Inquiry, 38.3 (2008):323-350. Print. Skinner, David. Media Organization and Production/Representing Resistance: Media, Civil Disobedience and the Global Justice Movement. Canadian Journal of Communication,32.1 (2007): 139-142. Print. This essay on Culture Jamming was written and submitted by user Avery Estes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aim Of The Ivu Examination Health And Social Care Essay Essay Example

Aim Of The Ivu Examination Health And Social Care Essay Essay Example Aim Of The Ivu Examination Health And Social Care Essay Essay Aim Of The Ivu Examination Health And Social Care Essay Essay There are many indicant related to the urinary system that possibly used to depict possible reactions to contrast media. The common pathologic indicants for radiographic urinary system processs are benign prostate hyperlaspsia ( BPH ) . It is the expansion of the prostate that ever happen in 50 old ages old adult male above. Although this is merely the benign status, this disease will do urethral compaction and besides obstructor. This obstructor will do the patient to experience hurting and difficult to urinate. The following pathologic indicants are vesica concretion which cause rock signifier in the vesica. The rock is non the same as the nephritic concretion. The rock that signifier in the vesica is grow rather big. This presence of rock in vesica causes the patient hard to urinate. Next is cystitis that describes the redness of the urinary vesica cause by infection of Fungi or bacterial. This is frequently happen to the adult females because ; they have a short urethra that more readily licenses retrograde transition of bacteriums into the vesica. There are many other diseased indicants like nephritic obstructor, acute obstructor, nephritic high blood pressure, pyelonephritis and many more. Patient readying for the ivu is similar with Ba clyster. The enteric piece of land should be free from any gas and faecal stuff. One twenty-four hours before the scrutiny is carried out ; the radiographer should teach the patient to fasting ( about 6 to 8 hours ) . This process is the same as for the kidney, ureter and vesica ( KUB ) scrutiny. Stomach need about 24 hours to be clear from any feaces or gases in the GI piece of land. The patient should take merely light repast on the eventide on the twenty-four hours before the scrutiny. The patient will be given an unwritten laxative that is duccolax to be eating at the dark before the scrutiny. For the certain group of patient, adaptation should be given. The group is diabetics, kids, and patients with other predisposing medical conditions in line with current section pattern. Teach the patient to alter to infirmaries fifty gown and emptied the vesica. The patient should invalidate merely before the scrutiny is performed for the unde rmentioned grounds. First is the vesica that is excessively full that could tear, particularly if compaction is applied early in the test. The 2nd 1 is urine already present in the vesica dilute the contrast media that accumulates at that place. The vesica will go big and little in form and sometimes irregular vesica lineation. The vesica possibly big due to prostate expansion, urethral obstructor, and neurogenic vesica. The vesica will go little due to tuberculosis, chronic cystitis, pelvic irradiation, and surgery. And, the pelvic will irregular in vesica lineation due to muscle wall hypertrophy with trabecualtion or to diverticula, chronic cystitis, neurogenic vesica and schisotosomiasisula. Benefits Using ivu for imaging intent is minimally invasive process with rare complication. The images that we get are valuable, the information is detailed and easy for doctors to name and handle the urinary piece of land conditions from kidney rocks to malignant neoplastic disease. By utilizing ivu, we can besides avoid more invansive surgical processs and can direct dainty with the medicine because it provide adequate information about kidney rocks and obstructor. This imagination procedure besides is less expensive, painless and faster than the options such as computed imaging ( CT ) and magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) . There is no side consequence due to the x beam and no radiation will stay in the organic structure after the scrutiny. Hazards The effectual radiation dose from this process is the same as the mean individual receives from background radiation in six months. In some people, contrast stuff can do inauspicious reaction on them. For adult females, if they have any possibility to hold a babe, they should inform their doctor or ten ray engineer. For some people, they may be allergic to iodine in the dye but it amp ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s merely in little measure. There are alternate probe for people with an allergic reaction, hay febrility or asthma and a little dosage of corticoids given to stamp down the allergic response. Diabetic patients who may undergo ivu scrutiny should halt dice medical specialty for 48 hours before an ivu scrutiny. For the patients who is enduring from terrible liver, bosom or kidney diseases possibly given a particular direction by the specializer? Precaution In endovenous urography ( IVU ) process, there is some safeguard when making this process. For pregnant adult females they are non allowed to take any scrutiny sing on X ray. This will do abnormalcies to unborn kid. So, radiographer should inquire patient foremost whether they are pregnant or non before making scrutiny. If the patient have diabetic and take unwritten hypoglycaemic medicine, patient should take the medical specialty before scrutiny and non allowed to take after 8 hours after scrutiny. The radiation exposure from this trial is comparative high for the entire organic structure particularly for generative system on male and female. Therefore this trial is non recommended for pregnant adult females for the safety of foetus. Ten twenty-four hours regulation is applied to adult females to making this test.This scrutiny merely carried out during first 10 yearss of menses. This clip is the best to cut down any possibility of developing foetus to adult females. Resume your nor mal diet and drink plentifulness of H2O to blush the contrast stuff out your system. IVU is non done every bit frequently as it used to be. This is because of the development of new machine such as ultrasound, CT and MRI scanning. This new technique is more effectual compared to IVU. Drumhead

Mid-term essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Mid-term - Essay Example Kant disagrees with the principle of utility when he argues that we should instead have indirect moral obligations in treatment of animals. Kant views animals as beings that lack independent rational wills and therefore human beings do not have any moral obligation to animals since they lack the condition of being considered as objects of obligation (Altman 20). Kant’s view when we mistreat animals is that we wrong ourselves but not violating the animal rights and therefore violating the principle of utility which in this case, will consider those who mistreats animals as wrong since their actions delivers pain to the mistreated animals. For example, If somebody shoots his or her dog because it no longer gives service, he or she does not fail in his duty to that dog because the dog is an irrational being which cannot judge, however, the one who does that acts in an inhuman way and damages that humanity that is in himself or herself that is ought to be shown towards humankind. Utilitarianism accounts for both human and nonhuman rights. The basic principle of utility has a moral consideration of animal rights and therefore animals ought to be treated the same way as human beings. The principle of utility implies that animals should be treated well in order to produce happiness for the animals. If you chop off the head of a donkey you have done wrong to the donkey itself and if you allow it to rest you give that animal the pleasure it deserves. Utilitarianism accounts for equal moral concern to human and nonhuman beings which mean killing an animal for other reasons other than food is wrong, bullfighting and even using animals for medical experimentations is unjustifiable. Kant argues that the fact that rational beings ought to have indirect moral obligation on animals has been pointed out in his arguments (Altman 23). Animals do not have the rational capacities that are considered by Kant to constitute humanity. Animals are considered to have the same

Legal Environment Coursework 2010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Legal Environment Coursework 2010 - Essay Example g friendly and having an access to the defendant in his office, he had the opportunity to use police national computer to trace registration number of two vehicles, one on each count apparently for the purpose of his business and to get registration information about the said vehicles from the data available on line for this purpose. In one instance out of two, there was no access to data base as the vehicle for which search was made was owned by a company and not by an individual and on the other there was an activation of database as the record of the person so required was available in the data base and hence, it was seen. Mr. English, being the outsider was not authorized to access the database and the defendant in this case was accused of unauthorized use of the information contained in the database as per the provisions of aforementioned Act 1984. It is, however, established that there was no subsequent use of that data from any quarter concerned. Defendant took the plea that there was neither unauthorized use of the data in terms of the provisions of the Act 1984 nor any act in contravention of the law is committed by the defendant and hence pleaded non guilty. Court of first instance pronounced him guilty on both of the accounts whereas the court of appeal overruled the decision of trial court. In the case of R v. Dixion, defendant was charged with an offence under Data Protection Act 1984 on two accounts. First charge was that he tried to use the National police data for which he was unauthorized. Second charge was that he actually used the data for which he was not authorized. The court of first instance found him guilty on both the above mentioned instances. The defendant went into appeal against the decision and as the result of the appeal following legal questions were raised and discussed by the court. It was debated that what constitute data in terms of the Act of 1984. The language of the Act 1984 Section 1(2) describes the data as information

Design History Of The Chair Cultural Studies Essay

Design History Of The Chair Cultural Studies Essay For an insight into the history of design, it is no better place to start than by looking at the everyday object, the Chair. A chair is a piece of furniture that often goes unnoticed, yet really is essential to everyday living. It is generally taken for granted and not recognised for its valuable contribution to our lives. Many aspects, social, cultural, aesthetics, technologies etc can be seen through the evolution of Chair design. In this essay, I shall be looking at three different designers and their designs, particularly the function, form, use of materials, intended market and production methods. The first designer was Michael Thonet (1796-1871) Thonet was born in Germany (then called Prussia) His life began at the start of the industrial revolution. He did an apprenticeship in cabinet making in his hometown and shortly afterwards began experimenting with veneers and bentwood. Maybe it was significant that he was born around the time of the revolution, as he is certainly a good example of that period, as he formed a massive company that is recognised as a leading force in mass production. His Factory designed by himself, was very close to a beech wood forest, many other designers used wood that was flat, with lots of joints but Thonet had managed to perfect his designs by using the beech wood in a new and revolutionary bending method. He went on to use wood veneers, glueing lots together so they were flexible. He was known for his experiments to help him and this meant that he was able to go on to be one of the first designers in mass production. His chair was the first in flat pack furniture to be assembled at home by the buyer. The chair was designed to be cheap , strong and light and a good sturdy chair to sit . In the home it would have been used in the kitchen and living room. The intended market would have been to the middle and lower classes as it was a widely available cheaper chair. It was a mass produced chair and by 1900 an estimated 40 million chairs had been produced. My second Designer was Charles Rennet Mackintosh (1868-1928) Born in Glasgow he was an architect, designer and artist, is today celebrated internationally as one of the most significant talents of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.   At the age of 16 he became an apprentice to John Hutchinson. He also began attending evening classes at the Glasgow School of Art and met fellow artist Margaret MacDonald, who eventually became his wife. They were both members of the collaborative group known as The Four, prominent members of the Glasgow School Movement. Mackintosh became a partner of the firm Honeyman Keppie in 1903. However, at the turn of an economic hardship in 1913, Mackintosh left the firm Honeyman Keppie to open his own practice. After unsuccessfully trying to establish his own practice, he dedicated his time to landscape painting in France. Mackintosh returned to England in 1927 for treatment of tongue and throat cancer. He died in London in 1928. Designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh in 1903 Black Ladder Back Chair Mackintosh was one of the leading exponents in the Arts Crafts Movement and one of the leading representatives of Art Nouveau in Scotland. The chair itself was a component of a house designed The Hill House and was actually not meant to sit on. The fact that the back of the chair is a long way over your head does add to the fact that it reassembles in my opinion a throne. Everything seems right about this chair: proportions, materials style. The chair was a one of design for the hill house to match the high ceilings in the house . the chair was not designed to be sat on but as a piece of art its self and as a decorative piece. The designer used would for the frame of the chair and upholstery for the seat . It was designed and built for ww Blackie the owner of the hill house . The chair still sits in the hill house bedroom. My third designer to look at was Charles and Ray Eames, they are the most important American designers of this century. Charles Eames was born in 1907 in St. Louis, Missouri. He attended school there and developed an interest in engineering and architecture. He later extended his design ideas beyond architecture and received a fellowship to Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan, where he eventually became head of the design department. Ray Kaiser Eames was born in Sacramento. She studied painting with Hans Hofmann in New York before moving on to Cranbrook Academy where she met and assisted Charles. Charles and Ray married in 1941 and moved to California. In 1946, Evans Products began producing the Eamess moulded plywood furniture. Their moulded plywood chair was called the chair of the century by the influential architectural critic Esther McCoy. Eames Lounge Chair, 1956 Designed in 1956 this icon of 20th century design created by the Eames to provide a modern alternative to traditional club chairs. Since its debut in 1956, the chair and ottoman have been continuously produced by Herman Miller (A leading global provider of office furniture) According to  Charles Eames, design is simply a plan for arranging elements in such a way as to best accomplish a particular purpose. The chair was designed to be a relaxing comfortable chair . and in Charles Eames own words a special refuge from the strains of modern living.. The first chair was a originally a gift for Billy wilder. The chair is also specially designed so that it can take all the weight of your lower spine helping you relax even more . And putting your feet up on the ottoman helps restore blood circulation after a hard days work. The materials used are natural wood such as natural cherry, walnut and santos palisander a rich grainy veneer. The chair is still very popular and is seen in many styl ish interiors. Conclusion An insight into the past can be seen all around us, but the chair, an item so important to us, from the plastic mass produced ones you see in fast food chain shops to our old comfortable armchairs, they all hold so much more information about the history of design. From the early designs and experimenting by Michael Thonet and his way of making bent wood chairs and furniture it would be hard to think that Charles Eames would have been able to go on to design his Lounge Chair. Then with Charles Eames designs and advances in production techniques and mass marketing of chairs it has become possible for everyone to have a classic piece of design history in their home or office. Or even own a reproduction of Charles Mackintoshs Ladder Back Chair for very little costs. The type of chair that someone chooses for their home can in say a lot about them. Victorian styles show that a person prefers the older styles. Art Deco has bright colours and geometric shapes. With most people, the most important factor to consider when choosing a chair other than the colour or style is comfort. If someone was suffering from back problems, for example they might require a designer to design a chair to suit their needs. When someone chooses a modern chair design for the office or in his or her home it says there forward thinkers, with modern tastes. So for an everyday object to so often go unnoticed is a shame, the chosen design and style of chair someone chooses can say allot more and can be I think a very good illustration of their personality.

A Most Remarkable Teacher Essay -- Medicine College Admissions Essays

A Most Remarkable Teacher    A most remarkable high school teacher first aroused my interest in medicine when he invited me to take a special advanced microbiology course at night. He (Mr. Wiles) had worked for years in the medical field before retiring to teach school. Spending many hours with us, he constantly reaffirmed his belief that we could make a positive contribution to society through a career in medicine. Shortly after my graduation, Mr. Wiles died of lung cancer. During his last months, as I visited him, walked with him, chopped wood for him, I anguished over my helplessness as his pain grew and his life diminished. The doctors couldn't do much to reverse that process, but at least they could t~ to ease his pain or Blow the spreading disease. I admired and envied that ability.    In the ensuing years, I found myself embracing two seemingly different career paths. I loved being around people and thrived on the interaction, but I was fascinated by the technical intricacies of science. With a love for my science courses, I found that I could readily follow the logic of scientific thought. Then I left school and went to Europe as a volunteer missionary. In addition to learning a foreign Language (French) †¢ I spent that year and a half learning to work with people and help them with their problems. This strengthened my desire to work with people in some kind of clinical setting.    It was... ...e good, some not as good--as they made their rounds. The really good ones seemed able to comfort their patients in more than just a physical sense. One oncologist seemed never to fail to bring a smile to his patients' faces, such was his genuine caring.    I believe, now, the words of Mr. Wiles. I believe that as a physician I can make a very real contribution to society. I can see myself offering all I have to help a patient smile again, using all my resources to find the best scientific solution. And as I become more of a scientist, so must I become even more skilled with people--people with needs and feelings. For medicine is the culmination of that art and science-requiring the best of both worlds.

DHCP

ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT Course EMP-5116 Issues in the Management and Operation of Communication Prepared by Student Number Submitted To KAMRUL KHAN 7025417 Dr. Serban Gheorghe Term Report (FALL 2012) December 13, 2012 The main purpose of using DHCP is to assign unique IP address to the computers in a network. This protocol is widely used by the ISPs to let their customers join the internet with less effort. It is also used by the enterprises to reduce workload and simplify the network management. (1) (2) 1. 1 History of DHCP Before DHCP was developed a protocol named Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) was developed for similar functionality as DHCP. Later in 1993, DHCP was introduced for the first time with the release of RFC 1531 as an extension to the BOOTP. The main reason behind extending BOOTP was that manual intervention was required to add configuration information for each client. Furthermore, BOOTP had no mechanism to reclaim disused IP addresses. Within a short period of time, DHCP became popular among the IT community. In 1997 another update of DHCP was released through RFC 2131. RFC 3315 defined the DHCPv6 specification. RFC 3633 was released with a prefix delegation mechanism for DHCPv6. RFC 3736 mechanism to provide configuration information to clients configured using stateless address auto configuration was added as an extension. (1) 1. A brief overview A database of available IP addresses and configuration information is maintained by the DHCP server. When a client requests the DHCP server for configuration information, the DHCP server checks the subnet in which DHCP client is connected, and then sends back the client with appropriate configuration information. 2 Typically IP addresses distributed to clients are assigned f or limited interval by the server. DHCP clients are responsible for renewing their IP address before that interval has expired. If they are unable to renew it by the expiration interval, they must stop using the address. Both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported by DHCP. Even if a client does not use DHCP for acquiring IP address, it can still be used to obtain other configuration information. (1) 2 2. 1 DHCP and Its operation DHCP Protocol Overview The major component of DHCP is the DHCP server and clients. Basic task of server is to assign IP address to the clients. The DHCP client makes a request to a DHCP server that may or may reside on different subnet. The server distributes IP address, subnet mask and default gateway to a host. Other configuration parameters such as name servers and netbios configuration can also be included. The IP assignment process is called â€Å"binding† or â€Å"lease†. The word â€Å"lease† is used as the client leases an IP address for a particular amount of time. This implies, after a certain period of time client must relinquish the IP address. The DHCP client side works combining six basic states. These states are: Initializing Selecting Requesting Binding Renewing Rebinding These states will be discussed in details in the next chapters of this paper. (3) 3 2. 2 DHCP Lease As discussed before DHCP lease is the process of associating IP address and client. The address leased by the client expires after certain period of time. Two timers are maintained by the client to manage this expiration process. Which are, 1. Renewing time T1 2. Rebinding Time T2 Renewing time T1 means the client will get a new lease from a server. Rebinding is the extension of lease. Typically renewing time is set to half of the renewing time. (4) 2. 3 DHCP Messages and Client States DHCP has several messages for establishing server to client communications. All DHCP instruction or updates are carried through these messages. The basic messages defined for DHCP are, DHCPDISCOVER, DHCPOFFER, DHCPREQUEST, DHCPACK, DHCPNAK, DHCPDECLINE, DHCPRELEASE, and DHCPINFORM. All these messages are effectively used during different states of DHCP. Purpose and flow of these messages in different DHCP states are discussed in the following sections. (4) 2. 3. 1 INIT The client tries to find a DHCP server by broadcasting DHCPDISCOVER message. It transitions to the SELECTING state. The server sends DHCPOFFER back to the client which is basically the choice of address and other parameters for the client. (5) 2. 3. 2 SELECTING In this state, client waits for DHCPOFFER message from any server. It selects the preferred offer and declares the selection by sending the DHCPREQUEST message. It transitions to the REQUESTING state. (5) 4 2. 3. 3 REQUESTING After sending the DHCPOFFER the client waits for the response from the server. Three different situations can occur. First, the most expected situation that, the server sends the acceptance of the request sent through DHCPACK. The client the starts the T1 and T2 timers and moves to the Bound state. Second, if the previously sent offer is no more available the server ill send a DHCPNAK message to deny the DHCPREQUEST. In this situation the client must return to the INIT state and start from the beginning. Third, server may send acceptance through DHCPACK however, the offer is no more acceptable to the client. Typically, this happens if the client finds the offered address is already been used somewhere else in the network. In this case client sends a DHCPDECLINE message and moves to the INIT state to start over. (4) 2. 3. 4 BOUND If lease assignment is successful the client goes to BOUND state. After timer T1 is expired the client sends a new DHCPREQUEST and moves to RENEWING state. 4) 2. 3. 5 RENEWING In this state client tries to extend of its lease by sending new DHCPREQUEST to the same server it took the lease from. Again three situations may be observed. First, the server may deny the request through DHCPNAK message. The client must return to INIT state and start from beginning in this situation. Second, if client does not get response from server, it will broadcast DHCPREQUEST after T2 is expired and move to the REINDING state. Third, server accepted the new request with the DHCPACK and the lease is extended. The client will again move back to BOUND state in this situation. 4) 5 2. 3. 6 REBINDING As discussed earlier, client moves to REBINDING state if T2 get expired in RENEWING state. Here, if client may get a DHCPACK response from the server if the request is approved. The client will then return to BOUND state extending the lease. Otherwise, the client gets a DHCPNAK response which indicates the refusal of request. In this case the client needs to move to the INIT state to start from beginning. (4) 2. 3. 7 INIT-REBOOT This state is for special case. If a client can find its previous DHCP configuration right after starting up, it moves to special INIT-REBOOT state. It sends a DHCPREQUEST message immediately from where it got the previous lease requesting to use the same old address and moves to the REBOOTING state. (4) 2. 3. 8 REBOOTING In REBOOTING state, client requests the server for allowing the client to continue with the previous address. Here, again two situations may occur. First, server may accept and send DHCPACK. Client will then reset timer T1 and T2 and continue with the previous address. Second, client may get a DHCPNAK message indicating the refusal of the request. Typically this kind of situation occurs when the client is turned off for very long time. The server may assign the address to other client. And as usual the only way left for the client is to go back to the INIT state and start from the beginning. (4) 2. 4 The Finite Client State Machine Finite State Machine (FSM) is a tool or method to describe a protocol. The behavior of a protocol is described by showing all the different states a device can be in, all possible transitions between individual states, events that cause transitions, and the actions that are performed as a response of an event. 6 The FSM can be used to describe the lease life cycle from the perspective of a DHCP client. The client begins its life cycle from the initial INIT state when no lease is acquired. It then travels through different states like, renews, rebinds and/or releases its IP address. The whole process can be described graphically using the FSM method. The below figure describe the FSM of DHCP client. (5) Figure 1: DHCP Client Finite State Machine 7 3 DCHP Server Vendors and Market Overview The ever increasing number of IP devices (Network endpoints, IP telephones, virtual servers, etc. ) is the main emerging factor of IP management and DCHP server market growth. In the past, the network admins had very limited options to pick up a DHCP/DNS solution. Sometimes, they used to write their own codes to manage DHCP/DNS in their network. However, now many vendors have come up with DHCP/DNS solutions. The integrated DNS/DHCP appliancebased offerings are proved to be more attractive to the consumers. (6) 3. 1 Present Market Statistics According to the recent statistics, DHCP solutions along with DNS and IPAM (DDI) have been showing more than 20% consistent growth starting from 2009. In 2011, DDI market had an increment of 36% by generating $290 million. It is estimated that, by the end of 2012, the market will increase to $380 million with an increment of 29%. According to the statistics mentioned above it can clearly be stated that, the DDI market is promising and growing. (7) 3. 2 Market Segments In general, DDI( DNS, DHCP and IPAM) solutions can be categorized in three major segments, bundled offerings, overlay management solutions and managed services. These segments are described in the following sections. (7) 3. 2. 1 Bundled Offerings Bounded offerings are the fastest growing in DDI market. In bundled offerings, the DHCP and DNS services share an integrated database. Although, physical appliance forms are the dominating factor of bundled offerings, software or virtual services are also available. (7) 3. 2. 2 Overlay Management Solutions Overlay management solutions are free DHCP or DNS services. It is easier to deploy as it does not require replacement of DHCP/DNS infrastructure or integration with existing DNS server. It can add management capability to DNS or DHCP and IPAM functionality. (7) 8 3. 2. 3 Managed Services Managed service market is smaller comparing to other segments. According to recent statistics it is around 10% of the total spending of DDI solutions. 7) 3. 3 DDI Vendors Though DDI market is growing, some giant DDI vendors discontinued with their products due to slow revenue and other factors like increasing popularity of appliance based offerings. For example, Nortel used to be one of the market leaders in the field of DDI. However, they decided to discontinue their IP Address Domain Manager from the beginning of 2008. On the ot her hand, Infoblox and BlueCat are getting more popular with their integrated DNS/DHCP appliance based offerings. There are couple of â€Å"free DHCP solutions† available in the market. Among them, the Internet Software Consortium should be mentioned in the first place. Other than that the CMU DHCP server is also very popular (4). However, considering the market scopes and market segments it was found the commercial solutions are more promising. Therefore, in this report only the commercial solutions are briefly described. According to recent market analysis, seven companies were found to be prominent. Their overall rating based on product/service, customer feedback and business strategy is given in the chart below. (7) Figure 2 Market Scope for DDI Source: Gartner, April 2012 9 3. . 1 Alcatel-Lucent Alcatel-Lucent developed their DDI solution VitalQIP back in 1998. It has flexible deployment options with broad overlay solutions. The solution is highly capable with large enterprise network. However, some common features like the DHCP lease history is missing in VitalQIP. This can be considered as major drawback. (7) 3. 3. 2 BlueCat Networks BlueCat is a DDI pure-pla y vendor based on Toronto, Canada. They offer Adion family of integrated DNS and DHCP which can be used as an overlay to manage windows DNS and DHCP. It has strong network discovery and endpoint mapping ability. 7) 3. 3. 3 BT Diamond Diamond IP was released on 2007 by British Telecom. It is a highly scalable product. It is available through software, appliance or for virtual environment (VMWare). Diamond IP is present in all three market segment discussed before: Bundled offerings, overlay and managed services. (7) 3. 3. 4 EfficientIP EfficientIP is another pure-play DDI vendor based on France. They provide solutions as bundled or overlay. The main feature of EfficientIP is its template based architecture functionality which makes it very easy to automate the configuration and management of DNS/DHCP servers. 7) 3. 3. 5 InfoBlox InfoBlox is a California based company founded on 1999. They sell integrated DHCP/DNS solutions and overlay solutions for Microsoft Windows DHCP. Their solutions are available through appliance and virtual VMWare environment. One of the main features of InfoBlox is its grid functionality which makes the operation and management easier. (7) 10 3. 3. 6 Men & Mice Men &Mice is a Iceland based company founded at 1990. They do not sell any integrated DNS/DHCP appliance. They only sell software based overlay solutions for managing DNS/DHCP services from othe r vendors. 7) 3. 3. 7 Nixu Software A Finland based company founded on 1988. The DDI components of Nixu software are only available as software appliance. (7) 4 4. 1 Case Study: TYROLIT Delivers Resilient DNS and DHCP with BlueCat Networks Background TYROLIT is an Austria based company founded in 1919. It is one of the world's largest manufacturers of grinding, cutting, drilling dressing tools and machines for the construction industry. TYROLIT has base in 12 different countries with 4,500 employees at 27 production locations. TYROLIT’ has a